[Weili Jamaicans Escort] Leshan Fuxing Academy: Renewal of Neo-Confucianism, Concepts are Difficult to Reconcile

Leshan Fuxing Academy: Re-establishing Neo-Confucianism, it is difficult to reconcile concepts

Author: Wei Li

Source: “Zhilanzhai” WeChat public account

Fuxing Academy was founded by Ma Yifu, who was originally from Shaoxing, Zhejiang. His father, Ma Tingpei, served four times as magistrate of Renshou County, Sichuan, so he was born in Chengdu, Sichuan. In the twenty-fourth year of Guangxu’s reign, Ma Yifu took the county examination when he was 15 years old. He and brothers Zhou Shuren and Zhou Zuoren were on the same list. Ma Yifu ranked first and was selected as his son-in-law by the local sage Tang Shouqian.

In the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu’s reign, JM Escorts Ma Yifu studied English in Shanghai. He also learned German, Japanese, French and other languages. Two years later, he went to America. A year later, he returned to China, and then traveled east to Japan.

Park here

In 1937, after the “July 7th Incident”, the Japanese army occupied Hangzhou, and Ma Yifu moved many timesJamaicans Sugardaddyland. In the summer of 1938, he was hired by Zhu Kezhen, the president of Zhejiang University, to teach Chinese studies at the school, and then moved westward to Yishan, Guangxi with the school. Ma Yifu taught at Zhejiang University for a short time, but he was very influential. Zhejiang University professor Li Xufei wrote in the article “Records of Zhejiang University’s Westward Migration”: “Mr. Ma Yifu is a pure Confucian scholar. , since the spring of 27, he has come to Zhejiang University to give lectures, explaining the essence of the six arts, principles, names and appearances, teaching people to practice, and getting back to the original source. When Mr. Ma lectures, many teachers from our school also come to listen. JM Escorts They adhere to the etiquette of disciples and are known for their simplicity and integrity. In this turbulent time, it is of great benefit to be inspired by contemporary masters. The sublimation of the present. Mr. Ma traveled to Sichuan to give lectures, and the spiritual influence left by his “Taihe Huiyu” and “Yishan Huiyu” will be immortal. ”

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Later, Ma Yifu left Zhejiang University. The main reason was that he did not like the modern teaching methods of the school. The “Critical Biography of Ma Yifu” written by Ma Jingquan and Zhao Shihua wrote: “Ma Fu originally had opinions on the current academic system. He He had no intention of giving lectures at Zhejiang University for a long time. At the same time, he was dissatisfied with the situation in Yishan where there were no Guo Shaojias trees and only wild campsites in the surrounding areas, so he was unwilling to live there. Liu Baimin et al.Jamaicans Sugardaddy revealed the idea of ​​finding a mountain resort and setting up a classical school to teach. This wish was spread to the world by his disciples. From Chen Bulei and Chen Lifu, and later from Chen Tong to Chiang Kai-shek, Chiang had long admired Ma Fu’s moral integrity, so the Kuomintang Education Department proposed it to the Executive Yuan, and the Council approved it. In the name of Kong Xiangxi, he sent an invitation message to Ma Fu who was giving lectures at Zhejiang University in Yishan. In addition to expressing his admiration, he respectfully invited Ma Fu to give lectures. ”

Ticket Office

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For this reason, Ma Yifu put forward corresponding requests for running a school. He put forward four opinions in the article “The Purpose and Brief Methods of the Name of the Academy”, the first of which is: “Academies were only named after places in ancient times, such as Ehu Lake. , Bailu Cave. In the later period, people began to use the name of righteousness, such as exegesis and respect for scriptures. Now, if we use righteousness, I think it can be called Fu Xing Academy. If you lose what you have learned, it will be the same. If you restore it, there will be no delusion, and the absence of delusion means sincerity. It is also the nature of Yao and Shun, which is called Yuanheng, and the connotation of sincerity is what Tang and Wu call it. Nature is self-evident and sincere, and it is called teaching. To teach is to restore one’s nature. Those who teach today are limited by their habits and do not know the nature. Therefore, it is the purpose to clarify the meaning of nature. “

It can be seen that the name Fuxing Academy was given by Ma Yifu, who wanted to teach traditional Neo-Confucianism here. Then the Ministry of Education established a preparatory committee, whichJamaicans Sugardaddy was later changed to the board of directors, with Qu Yingguang as chairman, and the board of directors hired Ma Yifu as president. But he was unwilling to take on this responsibility, so he officially hired Ma Yifu as the lecturer. Finally, the academy was located at Wuyou Temple on Wuyou Mountain in Leshan County, Sichuan.

Wuyou Temple Mountain Gate

After the founding of Fuxing AcademyJamaicans Sugardaddy, there are many people who want to come to school. For this reason, the college has issued the “Regulations for Selection of Undergraduate Students of Fuxing College”. “Critical Biography” bookIt wrote: “The brochure was issued, and more than 800 people were screened through writing. Due to the lack of knowledge in arts and sciences and shallow foundation, very few candidates were selected. Therefore, only nearly 30 people who were out of school were admitted, and there were less than 40 people who participated in the program. Including deacons and engraving workers, the total number of people in the college is only about 60, which is smaller than that of the University Research Institute.” The number of students admitted in the book “Research on Ma Yifu’s Confucian Thought” written by Chen Rui. The number is even smaller: “The academy had more than 800 applicants during its first enrollment, but only more than 20 were admitted. Even Jin Jingfang, who later became the only academy graduate, was turned away.”

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As for the curriculum of Fuxing Academy, the book “Critical Biography” writes: “The academy’s courses are divided into general treatment and special treatmentJamaica Sugar. The former is studied in conjunction with “The Classic of Filial Piety” and “The Analects of Confucius”, and the latter is equivalent to the optional study by Mencius, Xun, Dong, Zheng, Zhou, Cheng, Zhang, Zhu, Lu and Wang. “Zhou Li”, “Ritual” and “Book of Rites” Jamaica Sugar are in the same category, and are attached to “Yi” by Ming, Fa and Mo. “Age” is another category, attached to Taoism “

Carved Stone

Ma Yifu is backJamaica Sugar Daddy He taught at Xing Academy for a total of four semesters. He mainly talked about “School Regulations”, “Reading Methods” and “Essential Books that Must be Read to Tongzhi Qunjing”, and then he talked about He wrote The Analects of Confucius and The Classic of Filial Piety.

ItJamaicans Escort Shi Fuxing Academy has been established in Leshan for only one year After that, the academy continued until 1946, but the important function of the academy at that time was to publish Confucian classics. Su Xiaojun said in “Su Zhai Selection”: “Fuxing Academy was in Leshan, Sichuan, in the 28th year of the Republic of China (193Jamaicans Escort9) Founded by the Nationalist Government and presided over by Mr. Ma Fu, the college ended its enrollment in the 30th year of the Republic of China (1941), and then started engraving books mainly on Confucian classics. ”

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The sky is full of moss

About the book engraved in Fuxing Academy, Su Xiaojun briefly stated : “In the 34th year of the Republic of China (1945), Ma Fu compiled “Four Catalogs of Books to be Engraved by Fuxing Academy” with a preface to the general catalog of all the scholars. The plan is very large.Jamaicans Escort night. The four types to be engraved are: the first group of scriptures Jamaica Sugar Daddy In the traditional category, there are four volumes of “Yichuan Yi Zhuan”/written by Cheng Yi (Song Dynasty) and 42 other types; the second type of Confucian classics includes one volume of “Book of Changes”/Jamaica Sugar (Song Dynasty) written by Shao Bowen and other thirty-six species; the third literary garden, they are with us. The Han Dynasty belongs to the first and second business houses. The young man is also fate Met the eldest brother in the business group, and after interceding for his help, he got Ke Jingying, including “Wenyuan Yinghua” and other twenty kinds; the fourth political code was the first, including “Qunshu Zhiyao” fifty volumes/(Tang Dynasty) By November 1946, the thirty-fifth year of the Republic of China (1946), the book engraving office of Fuxing Academy had moved to No. 91, Beishan Road, Hangzhou, and a total of 14 books had been printed. There are thirty-six kinds in four categories, and a group of classics are divided into A and B. There are eight kinds including “The Essence of Words” (Song Dynasty) compiled by Lu Zuqian; the first and second volumes of two Confucian Lin Dian Yao include “Tai Chi Illustrations and Interpretations of Western Inscriptions” (Ming Dynasty) Fifteen kinds were written by Cao Duan; nine kinds were recorded by Mr. Sanma Zhanweng, such as “The Analects of Confucius”; and four kinds were engraved with “Taihe Yishan Huiyu” by Si Cong.”

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Fuxing Academy ended its enrollment and focused its energy on engraving books. This matter was mainly related to the bad relationship between Ma Yifu and Xiong Shili. This incident was widely discussed by later scholars, and Chen Rui described it in detail in the article “Ma Yifu and Xiong Shili at Fuxing Academy”Jamaica Sugar Daddy The process of the horse and the bear getting to know each other and getting to know each other until they turned against each other.

Going higher and higher

In 1922, at the recommendation of Liang ShumingJamaica Sugar recommended Xiong Shili to teach at Peking University. At this stage, he was constructing the “New Consciousness-Only Theory” and debating with the Buddhist community. Because of his deep thinking, his nerves were affected. In 1929, when Xiong Shili was recuperating in Hangzhou, he got to know Ma Yifu. At that time, Ma proposed revisions to “New Theory of Consciousness-Only”. Xiong Shili agreed with Ma Yifu’s remarks, so he asked Ma to write a preface to “New Theory of Consciousness-Only”. , Ma also helped Xiong contact the publisher of the book. Chen Wanxiong wrote in the article “Letter from Ma Yifu to Ding Fu – Talking about Xiong Shili and New Confucianism”:

Ma Yifu. Not only did he send a letter to Ding Fuzhi for Xiong Shili to promote the printing and publication of “New Theory of Consciousness-Only”, although the book was published and distributed by Zhejiang Provincial Library, the price was actually paid by Ma and the then director of the library, former Peking University. Colleague Shan Bu’an funded the establishment of the Zhejiang Provincial Library. In 1915, Yuan Shikai bribed Ma Yifu’s father-in-law, Tang Shouqian, a famous gentleman in Zhejiang, to donate 200,000 yuan to Zhejiang Education. Meeting for the purpose of building a library. The vernacular version of “New Theory of Consciousness” was signed and prefaced by Ma. The preface was previously Jamaicans SugardaddyPublished in “Zhi Gong Bao”, Ma Yifu has called Xiong’s book “a masterpiece” and “extremely valuable” and called it “Shili Jingcha” in the prefaceJM Escorts As soon as Shan Shan said these words, Lan Mu was stunned. Names and principles, clear reflections and Minghui, all words are subtle… enough to make students and teachers hold their hands and sigh; Zang and Ji hold the tongue but not let it go down.” It can be said that it is highly recommended.

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Sanjiang Intersection

In 1930, Peking University President Chen Bonian prepared to recruit Ma Yifu as a graduate student The tutor, Ma Yifu, declined and recommended Xiong Shili to take over as his successor. He wrote in “A Hundred Years’ Book of Answers to Chen II”:

Is it okay to recommend a virtuous man to take over on his own behalf? Xiong Junshili once taught in a university, and it was probably just because of his good deeds.Only knowledge is not enough to satisfy Mr. Xiong. Nearby, he cultivates the West Lake, counts and reciprocates, and understands what he has learned. Although it is not completely the same as the theory of floating and holding, floating is self-conceited. Judging from his writing and that of the scholar, both are earnest and sincere, enough to arouse feelings. This is the choice of a true teacher.

Ma Yifu Lecture Pavilion

This shows the close relationship between the two at that time. It is for this reason that when Ma Yifu founded Fuxing Academy, he had to invite Xiong Shili to give lectures. Later generations of scholars have different opinions on whether Ma Yifu invited Xiong Shili to teach at Fuxing Academy. In his article “Ma Yifu in 1939 – The History of the Founding of Fuxing Academy as Seen by Ye Shengtao”, Zhu Weizheng quoted extensively from Ye Shengtao’s “Jiahu News” and systematically sorted out the establishment and running process of Fuxing Academy. The article quoted Ye Shengtao’s letter to Xia Zun on March 10, 1939: “Mr. Ma Yifu has recently been invited by Mr. Jiang and Dean Kong to come to Leshan to establish Fuxing Academy. Brothers Ma and He Changqun are working for Zhejiang Province.” A senior colleague, He Lingdi Yu Ma, was going to visit me at that time.”

At that time, Xiong Shili was giving lectures at the Chengdu Central Army Military Academy. After being invited, he went to Fuxing Academy, 6 On the 19th, Ye wrote in a letter to Xia: “The preparations for the restoration academy have not yet been completed, and Brother He Changqun is already tired of it. The reason is that his consciousness is not consistent with Ma Weng after all. Brother Changqun agrees with Xiong Shili’s opinion and thinks that There is no need to put forward many opinions in the academy, and let the scholars choose what is good and accept it from various sources. He also said that it is suitable for the scholars to find a future and learn how to use the world. However, Ma Weng did not think so, saying that “Xiao Tuo did not dare to learn from the academy.” “Xi Shixun quickly replied, “It’s a lot of pressure. If you want to learn, you should use it yourself, and if you seek other things, it’s a great way. Recently, the conversation between the two of them has not been as harmonious as when they were in Taihe and Yishan. Ma Weng seems not to like Xiong Shili coming. , but in fact, it has to be postponed, and it is unknown whether the two sages will be in trouble in the future. Di Gu said early on that Mr. Ma is knowledgeable in everything else, but he is stubborn in ‘this school’ (Neo-Confucianism is essentially stubborn). , now it is evident in the facts.”

Interior view of the pavilion

When the academy was still in the preparation stage, He Changqun had the intention to quit, because He agreed with Xiong Shili’s opinion, but disagreed with Ma Yifu. The disagreement between the horse and the bear was regarded as a question of whether Zhu and Lu in the Southern Song Dynasty were similar or different in their “respect for virtue” or “Tao wenxue”. The focus of the dispute between the horse and the bear isBecause of the academy’s regulations, Ma Yifu emphasized that the academy’s teachings were to “respect Confucianism alone,” while Xiong Shili and He Changqun advocated “presenting all opinions simultaneously.”

Compared with factories, students are content with things and use people as tools, and the whole world does not know what is wrong. ”

Plaque in the Lecture Office

Ma Yifu insisted on running The purpose of the college is to preach, and students come to learn Taoism, not to seek practical knowledge. He wants to cultivate real talents here, not just people with academic qualifications: “In the past, there were Hanlins and today’s Ph.D.s. What benefit is there to people?” ”

The two of them had their own persistence, so that Ma and JM Escorts Xiong Er People gradually become strangers. Xiong Shili left Fuxing Academy after giving lectures for more than a month. He went to Bishan and later went to work at Mianren Academy run by Liang Shuming. Later, Xiong Shili wrote in Jamaicans Escort a letter to Tang Junyi: “The battle for restoration has nothing to do with teaching, doing things that are not necessary for righteousness, and regardless of livelihood. , decided to give up. ”

The scenery inside the pavilion

Regarding Ma Yifu’s views, Zhu Weizheng believed: “Ma Yifu may not be in the same tune as Jiang and Chen, but he Wang Zuo, Zhixi, repeatedly expressed his admiration for Li Guang’s approach in guiding Emperor Kangxi to respect Zhu Xi’s Taoism in his later years. At the same time, he commented: “Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty once ridiculed ‘fake Taoism’ in his later years, but his descendants were sent to the Confucius Temple to eat cold pork with them.” All the sages of this dynasty were “fake Taoists”. Ma Yifu claimed to be a “true scholar” and served as an official for two dynasties. Whether he was the emperor’s teacher or the third elder of the province, he always spoke for himself. Although he was not as brave as Liang Shuming to criticize Ni Lin. Xiong Shili dared to challenge Mao Gong, but he did not follow A Shi’s example like Feng. Looking at this alone, he is in line with the times and is not sedulous, and he can be regarded as a modern expressionist. ”

As for Ma Yifu’s academic appearance, Zhu Weizheng said in the article: “I first got to know Ma Yifu half a century ago through a discussion with my fellow teacher Zhou Yu. Zhu ShengThey respected Confucius but followed Wang Yangming’s footsteps but claimed to be directly Confucius and Mencius. They clearly understood “supporting Zen and advancing Confucianism” but it was better to call it a school that excluded barbarians. These all belong to the Republic of China that was erroneously said by the Eight Banners officials such as Wo Ren and Xu Tong in the late Qing Dynasty. version. ”

Shanmen

How to explain Ma Yifu’s important influence in the history of thought? Zhu Weizheng believes: Jamaicans Escort “It seems that he is by no means a thinker, nor can he even be called a thoughtful scholar. At least he appears to be a stubborn Taoist believer, a political figure who changes with the times. A mediocre person is like a Confucian temple that rises and falls quickly (see “Zhuangzi”). His plight is pitiable. His faith is admirable. His stubbornness is abhorrent. His quotes are depressing. However, there is a huge contrast between his fame during his lifetime and after his death, especially thirty years after his death. It is rare that he was upgraded to a century-old academy in the twentieth centuryJamaica SugarThere are academic greats who can compete with him, which makes historians such as myself who only believe in no evidence and no belief in principles astonished. ”

Daxiong Hall

On May 11, 2021, driven by Azhong, we came to Leshan from Chengdu. Shangchade Fuxing Academy is located on Wuyou Mountain. The temple is on the same side as the famous Leshan Giant Buddha. When we drove to the scenic spot, the navigation showed that there were still five kilometers away, but the police stopped the car and asked for permission. Take the shuttle bus into the scenic spot. The purpose of my trip was to see Fuxing Academy, not the Leshan Giant Buddha, so I explained my needs to the police and they asked us to take another route to Wuyou Temple. Passing through two tunnels JM Escorts, turning around in the mountains, I saw several signs on the roadside that were marked as Leshan Giant Buddha. From the parking lot, it can be seen that Leshan’s tourism is centered around the Giant Buddha.

Cloister

Wandering east and west, crossing a bridge, I saw the parking lot of Wuyou Temple, and then Azhong saw that the car could still drive forward. In order to save me from walking, he cautiously passed through the Jamaicans Sugardaddy isolation barrier and drove in. In a courtyard. There is a four-story old building on the side of the courtyard. The door of this building is closed, and the lintel reads “Wuyou Temple Sutra Chanting Group”. It seems that we have found the right place.

Wuguantang

Park here and walk along the alley. The front of you suddenly opens up. This is the intersection of SanjiangJM Escorts, the scenic spot is excellent. There is a ticket booth next to it, but the tickets sold are still Leshan Giant Buddha tickets. I told the conductor that I just wanted to go to Wuyou Temple. The conductor said that there is no need to buy a ticket to go to the temple.

Interior view of Wuguan Hall

Next to the ticket office is the temple gate. Climb up the steps and see the inside of the mountain gate. A staff member took the temperature and asked to wear a mask. He repeatedly confirmed to me that he was only entering the Wuyou Temple and not the Leshan Giant Buddha. Otherwise, he would need to buy a ticket. It seemed that he could take the initiative to walk from the temple to the Giant Buddha. Scenic spots.

Bell Tower

After entering the mountain gate, I walked all the way up. The steps became steeper and steeper. I gritted my teeth and counted the steps as I tried my best to go down. After every hundred steps, I stood aside and rested for a while. Fortunately, when I reached the top of the mountain, my legs began to tremble. Fortunately, there was a small pavilion at the entrance of the top platform. I moved to sit in it and rested. I accidentally looked up. There is a plaque hanging on the inside of the pavilion, which reads “Mr. Ma Yifu’s Lecture Office”. It really took no effort, and I instantly felt that the hard work was not in vain.p>

Look at the lecture again

After calming down, go into Wuyou Temple to look for the ruins of Fuxing Academy. Wuyou Temple is not large, and it took me more than ten minutes to walk around it, but I couldn’t find any words related to Fuxing Academy. I didn’t meet any monks in the temple. There was only a female layman cleaning the courtyard. I asked her for the location of the Fuxing Academy. She said there was no one in the temple, only the small pavilion at the entrance. At this time, I noticed that there were steps on the left side of the temple to the other side of the mountain, so I asked her if that led to the Giant Buddha Scenic Area. She still said no, and instead suggested that I go to Leshan City to see the Giant Buddha. District, you can see the whole picture of the Buddha across the river.

New Year’s EveJamaica Sugar Daddy伄the mountain where it is located

Leshan Year Night Buddha

After checking around Wuyou Temple, I could not find any relics or writings related to Fuxing Academy, so I had to walk down the steps gradually. The steps here are covered with moss, and I am worried about slipping. However, there are no handrails on the steps, so I have to walk step by step. My eyes were fixed on my feet and I didn’t dare to look around. When I reached the mountain gate, I felt my eyes were dazzled.

Mom is a girl, and she will serve Jamaica Sugar tea to Madam later. It’s not too late. ”

At the foot of the Buddha visitors

Gulidui

Take Azhong’s I took the car and drove more than ten kilometers into the city of Leshan. I was originally going to look for other ruins here, but I always felt that it would be a pity to come to Leshan without seeing the Giant Buddha, so I asked Azhong to drive along the riverside road here. I went to the riverside park and took pictures while standing by the river. I zoomed in with my lens and saw that there were densely packed tourists looking up at the giant Buddha. , but looking at the Buddha can treat the historical Jamaicans Sugardaddy existence more objectively.

Editor: Jin Fu